Pruning this plant is not a simple matter. Its not impossible to get your hands on, though, especially if youre growing it yourself. This is one of the most basic ways to take care of your plants. The plant has become a social media superstar for a reason. The foliage of this plant can reach an average height of 10 feet. Make sure you take care whenever you use your tools. The permit shall contain the number and species of trees and amount of plant material, and shall contain the legal description of the real property as usually found in deeds and conveyances of the land on which cutting or removal shall take place. Is It Illegal To Dump Black Water On The Ground In USA? If you are looking to prune the old foliage overgrown, you will need the best electric hedge trimmers to make your work easier. Once you make sure that youre looked after, cutting down the grass becomes a cakewalk. The foliage can reach an average of 10 feet, add this to how tough the plant is, and you will be able to cut it with only sharp tools. Penalties for violating these laws include a fine of up to $500 and/or up to 180 days in jail. This distinguishes it from true pampas grass, which is native to Brazil. Hedge pruners and electric shears arent up to the task. If you dont want to keep the foliage, you dont have to wait until late winter or early spring. However, another particularly important reason to consider when trimming your plant is how invasive the species is. This could be the inspiration behind you growing your own pampas grass. Pampas grass is an invasive plant that has the potential to spread faster than wildfire. Take that rake and just start combing through the plant. Its not a weed, its a native plant, NSW Environment Minister Rob Stokes said. . Regardless, you have pampas grass, so Im going to tell you how to cut and prune it. The dried out grass can easily catch fire and spread quickly. To help keep the fragile plumes and seed heads of pampas and other grasses intact after they finish drying, the University of Florida IFAS Extension suggests spraying them with hair spray or an aerosol lacquer or plastic spray. Plants can reach up to 10 feet tall and 6 feet wide. The problem has gotten so bad that South Tynseside Council has had to issue a statement asking visitors not to take the plant from the South Shields seafront. It is essential to prune and cut all kinds of plants, including flowers and ornamental grasses. (a)(1)A person shall not willfully or negligently cut, destroy, mutilate, or remove plant material that is growing upon state or county highway rights-of-way. Thats not news; however, because of how bushy pampas grass gets, these leaves may not leave the plant or make it to the ground or soil. Not only is it going to help you keep your plants organized and neat, but it can also be used to encourage new growth. Its going to get the job done with pampas, but it struggles with prolonged use. You can prune in late spring or in the fall. If you wait too long, they will start shedding, especially in heavy rains or winds. Cut these leaves off as close to the ground as possible at the base. Its important that the air circulates around it so that it doesnt dry out. This will allow the plant to rest and store energy for the coming spring. If you are lucky enough to still have pampas grass in your garden, now is definitely the time to give it some love and careand possibly insure it. However, these fashionable ornamental grasses come with a price. Pampas grass is an invasive plant that has the potential to spread faster than wildfire. These include the environment they are growing in and the care and maintenance they are efficiently afforded. Divide pampas grass in early spring after pruning the dead foliage. When used fresh, the plumes won't last as long as when dried, but they provide an attractive backdrop and feathery accents for summer and fall flower arrangements in vases. Dig up and remove about one-third of the foliage. Just make sure that no matter which model you go with, youre wearing the proper equipment. You will need to learn how to grow it, how and when you cut back pampas grass, and the overall care is given to this grass. The plumes on pampas grass tend to make great areas for small mammals to nest during the winter. However, pampas grass can also be a nuisance plant, as it is highly invasive and difficult to control. (3)A person shall not knowingly sell, offer or expose for sale, or transport for sale plant material that is cut or removed in violation of this subdivision. This grass is outlawed in most countries for its invasive characteristics. Pampas grass, Cortaderia Selloana, is among the ornamental grasses that are considered invasive plants. Ive already talked about how to get it fluffy while pruning, which is to say wait until late winter or early spring to cut it, but what if your pampas grass is already out of the ground? If you do, you may cut off the entire stem and end up with a dead plant. Plant material does not include a tree, shrub, fern, herb, bulb, cactus, flower, or greens declared by law to be a public nuisance. What are the penalties for cutting pampas grass in Texas? /a > 1- Maintain the.! Wisler, who has been working on the project for more than a year, said he was inspired to plant the grass after he saw a photo of a woman planting it in her living room. Therefore, as long as you make sure youre looking after the plant regularly and not letting it infest your garden, you should be perfectly fine. If youre wondering how much it cost to trim ornamental grasses, then take heed of the following information. This plant requires serious care, and you need to know what youre doing. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Our gardening obsessed editors and writers choose every product we review. It is commonly grown for its interior decoration. However, growing pampas isnt like growing daffodils. It is best to cut pampas grass in late summer / early autumn before the winter weather has blown about the grass too much. Aerosol hair spray is often used as it also aids in preserving pampas grass and maintaining its lush color over extended periods. It is often used as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks. Wear safety goggles, long sleeves, long pants, closed-toe shoes and elbow-length gloves when cutting back the plant. Make room for new growth by cutting it back almost to the ground. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Theres no wire to get in the way, and you dont have to be particularly strong to use it. These grasses are quite easy to maintain and care for if you are clued up about what to do. Proudly founded in 1681 as a place of tolerance and freedom. No matter what kind of height and growth youre dealing with, this trimmer is going to be well capable of pruning it for you. Is It Illegal To Give Manatees Water In USA. Your pampas grass can end up growing back stronger if you put effort into your pruning, which is just one of the advantages of doing it. This will help clean up the appearance of the pampas grass without having to cut it all the way back. According to Texas state law, it is illegal to cut, uproot, or remove any native plant from public land without written permission from the landowner. Any dead leaves will easily pull away from the main plant. Pampas grass pruning is much easier when you have proper tools for the job. How Long Does Pampas Grass Live Once Cut? Cutting, destroying, mutilating, or removing plant material; Permit; Enforcement; Violation. To make trimming and cleaning pampas grass easy, start by binding the old leaves with string, cords, or duct tape. The blades can also damage lawnmowers and other gardening tools. Is It Illegal To Not Wear Underwear In USA? Pampas Grass, One of 2020s Biggest Interior Trends, Is Actually Illegal. Due to its apparent recent spread, its ability to crowd out desirable plant species and the range of conditions it can establish and survive, pampas grass is listed as a Class C noxious weed. Besides this, pampas grass is an excellent ornamental grass to grow and have around your home or garden. Learn more aboutWhen Pampas Grass Bloom. Hang the foliage upside down in a dry and dark location for a week or so. Adventurer, loving nature and plants, particularly Pampas Grass. These grasses can live up to three years once cut even if left unattended. The long handles on loppers provide more leverage than short handled tools and make the job of cutting pampas grass plants easier, but even so, you can expect sore muscles and a few blisters the next day. Buyer Beware sections of the horizontal stems growing on the side of the road best time cut. Hi, my name is Rachel Lean, and Im the person behind the OurGrassPlants.com website. aledo select baseball teams is it illegal to cut pampas grass in texas. In order to dry the pampas grass before arranging it in a vase, hang a small bunch of it upside down and tied together with rubber bands in a warm, dry place for about two weeks. You dont have to do this for too long, just one or two weeks. Despite how tough it is to cut back new growth with pampas grass, the stems are actually quite fragile. Thats all there is to it. Plant divisions at the same depth as they were in the grower pots and at least 6 to 8 feet apart. You will require heavy-duty tools because the leaves and plumes are tough. It is an oriental grass that is capable of reaching upwards of 10 feet tall, making it ideal for larger gardens. Keep the pampas grass moist but not wet until it is actively growing. Heres how it works. Pampas grass can be challenging, and it remains a nightmare to prune for many gardeners in whatever season- winter or spring. Using a sharp pair of shears, trim the dead or damaged leaves from the plant. The permit shall be filed prior to the commencement of cutting or removal of plant material authorized by the permit. Pampas grass, or Cortaderia selloana, is an evergreen grass that typically blooms during summer and autumn. Current as of January 20, 2022 | Updated by California Business Lawyer & Corporate Lawyer. Combine that with how tough the plant is, and youre not going to be able to cut it with anything less than sharp power tools. Future Publishing Limited Quay House, The Ambury, Pampas grass has a unique feather-like look and feels that works well with several different dcor ideas. Remove any diseased or dead leaves as soon as you notice them to keep the plant healthy. Pampas grass grows very fast and is invasive, and if left without care, it can suffocate flowers, trees, or any plant on the way. Buyer Beware sections of the horizontal stems growing on the side of the road best time cut. Next, cut back any leafy growth that is longer than 3 feet. The plant is considered a noxious weed in several states and is banned in new south wales. It is illegal to cut pampas grass without a permit from the Texas Department of Agriculture. 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. So before you get started. As reported by The Latch, you do have options if youve just got to have the look of pampas grass to decorate a room or for an upcoming event. Find out about pruning pampas grass in this article. Manchineel ( Hippomane mancinella ) all around the landscape as standalone. Additionally, there are some offences where the act is only considered to be an offence if it was done with a particular intention (e.g. However, these fashionable ornamental grasses come with a price. You can also use the plumes in fresh flower bouquets. When you plant it, keep it in a soil patch that is completely isolated from the rest of your garden. Pampas is a handful to grow, to be sure, but its also very beautiful. The foliage is tough and razor sharp. Small mammals often use the cover of pampas grass foliage as a winter nesting site. Is It Illegal To Cut Pampas Grass In Texas. Its both fluffy and architectural. . When youre taking it outside, take care not to step them. Is It Illegal To Fake A Paternity Test In USA? April 30, 2022 . While it can manage with the geet numbers that pampas grass grows to, you might require something more heavy-duty if youre pruning a wild garden. This large, perennial weed is popular because of its feathery, plume-like shape. This equipment is going to be sharp and spring-loaded, so you could seriously injure yourself if you dont take the necessary precautions. 'Gold Band' features gold-striped leaves, while 'Abolineata' has white-variegated leaves. Its not overly large, but it shouldnt struggle with pruning your plants, including pampas grass. What do you do with pampas grass after cutting. In particular, pampas has grown in popularity thanks to the contributions of interior decoration social media accounts. The pampas grass is a non-native plant and is a threat to native plants. Sign up for our newsletter. TheBlack Decker 60v Maxis the 40v, but stronger. The best time to cut back pampas grass is in late winter. For help in identification of invasive plants, treatment, and protection suggestions for your property, explore the DCNR fact sheets below. TheBlack Decker 40vis only slightly more expensive than the Kimo, and yet its almost twice as powerful. Some of the most common complaints about pampas grass include its invasiveness, its tendency to spread rapidly, and its ability to crowd out other plants. What are the long-term effects of cutting pampas grass? Pampas grass is considered invasive in some U.S. states. The answer to this is pretty simple. That being said, the Kimo isnt going to suit you if you have a large garden that requires constant maintenance and attention. Is It Illegal For My Dog To Kill A Squirrel In USA? Keep pulling the rake back to you as you use it. If youre a regular gardener in need of a trimmer thats going to be a Jack of all trades, then this isnt it. It's highly adaptable and can grow in a wide range of environments and climates. (2)The permit required by this section need not be notarized or filed with the sheriff when five or less pounds of shrubs or boughs are to be cut or removed. You may have seen people burning off the remaining stubs, but youll get healthier and stronger regrowth if you leave it alone. As your pampas grass grows, some of the leaves may end up dying and falling off. For example, there are some circumstances in which people can lawfully use force in self-defence. Additionally, after trimming, pampas grass is akin to shedding which can become a worry. If the clump is older and has grown out of control or looks tired you will need to cut it back hard . These tools are going to help you cut the plumes on the oriental grass and allows you to make sure your pruning goes smoothly. You can also cut the stems of the feathery plumes in summer and fall to use in fresh and dry arrangements using anvil pruners. She lives in a rented flat in South London where she makes the most of window boxes to create small container gardens. Pampas grass, though widely available in florists worldwide, is actually an invasive noxious weed that threatens native Australian species, harbours vermin and presents a huge fire risk. Its a long and drawn-out process that is going to leave you with sore feet and muscles no matter how much care you use. A sharp electric trimmer will make your work easier and faster. All Rights Reserved. She proudly proclaims herself as a dirt worshipper and can often be found deep in the garden, covered in soil and singing to her plants. tall. The first thing to take into consideration when you want to cut your grass is the amount of time it may take to get the job completed. It takes up soil space from other plants and trees, ultimately crowding them out. You should also remember that ornamental grasses need a specific type of trimming to ensure that they last longer and grow their best. The best time to cut back pampas grass is in late winter, before new growth appears. One copy of the permit shall be filed in the office of the sheriff of the county in which the land described in the permit is located. (e)This section does not apply to any of the following: (1)An employee of the state or of a political subdivision of the state who is engaged in work upon a state, county, or public road or highway while performing work under the supervision of the state or a political subdivision of the state. Cutting pampas grass, whether youre pruning tall foliage or just giving the leaves a trim, requires more specialized equipment than you might be used to. To harvest pampas, simply snip the stalk of the plumes at your desired stem length. The species listed are managed by DCNR staff. Maintain good air circulation its location. Pampas grass is a vigorous grower and can grow from its roots to its maximum height or close to it in one season, so cutting it back to the ground won't really limit its size. Both species prefer well-drained soils in full sun, though they will tolerate partial shade. Pampas grass is a ornamental grass that is often used in landscaping. is it illegal to send cash in the mail in USA? Whichever the case, this grass is fantastic to grow. Pampas grass blooms in late summer from August to November depending on the region in which it grows. Take your time and use your tools carefully. Is It Illegal To Have Sex In A Parking Lot. This isnt just because of how tall the plant can grow, but the fact that its actually an invasive species. The effects of its invasiveness are such severe point that some countries have banned it. So, once you have your clothes and your tools ready to go, you can start the pruning process. Grass sod, plants, such as brush . (2)A person engaged in the necessary cutting or trimming of plant material for the purpose of protecting or maintaining an electric powerline, telephone line, or other property of a public utility. Youre dealing with sharp blades, sharp blades that are moving at an incredibly rapid pace. PAMPAS grass, previously regarded as a not-so secret symbol for swingers, has become the latest target for green-fingered thieves after it regained its popularity. However, if you want to extend their lifespan, going the extra mile to pamper them from time to time will afford you a lush landscape for much longer than three years. To save you all the hassle of doing that shopping yourself, though, Ive got three different recommendations for the best hedge trimmers to cut pampas grass, each at a different price point. If you can spare the time and you take pride in self-maintaining your ornamental grasses, then this would be the best option for you. At maturity, pampas grass can reach a maximum average height and spread of 10 feet. Required fields are marked *. Pampas grass has a fast growth rate, and it takes up the space of other plants and flowers, suffocating them. It is believed to be the first time the plant has been seized in NSW since it was introduced to the country in the mid-1990s. Im glad you decided to visit my blog, and I hope you will enjoy reading it. The plant has become one of the most popular home and garden items to be targeted by thieves. Once you finish trimming, burn off the remaining stubs or spread them as fertilizer around your grass. It is illegal to cut pampas grass without a permit from the Texas Department of Agriculture. These showy plants require little care except for the annual pruning, which isnt a job for the faint of heart. Tel 800-484-4610 Is It Illegal To Cut Pampas Grass - Penal Code 384a Current as of January 20, 2022 | Updated by California Business Lawyer & Corporate Lawyer California Code, Penal Code - PEN 384a 384a. Keystone State. It is also one of the few plants that can be grown in Australia without the use of chemical fertilisers or pesticides. Its originally from South America. It is often used as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks. Pampas grass is a tall, tufted grass that is native to South America. As this grass is growing, some of the leaves may end up dying and falling off. You have to cut and prune all kinds of plants, from ornamental grasses to flowers. Police and local councils have had to warn people not to steal pampas grass, after plants in private gardens and on seafronts have been decimated. (c)(1)The written permit required by paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) shall be signed by the landowner, or the landowners authorized agent, and acknowledged before a notary public, or other person authorized by law to take acknowledgments. Cut the remaining foliage around, ensuring you take care of every tool you use because they are sharp. Instead, it gives you the longest lifespan from the grass. Rebecca has worked as a homes and interiors journalist for over four years, and is currently the Deputy Editor on Ideal Home online. is a plumed panicle at the end of a stiff stem. Once established, the vigorously growing pampas grass pushes out other vegetation already living there. With that done, all you need to do is cut away. This makes your pampas grass end up looking unkempt and bushier. Gardeningdream.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. In a more sinister turn of events, the plant is also being targeted by thieves in private gardens. Before planting ornamental grasses, consider the fact that they can be invasive, especially in Mediterranean climates. If you find your pampas grass not producing plumes, your summer may be too short for the plant to flower, so consider replacing it with a pampaslike grass that will tolerate a colder climate. Breaking the ban in Australia carries a $10,000 fine. Pampas grass grows and flowers best in full sun, or at least a half day of direct sunlight. Sprinkle the fertilizer in a ring around the grass, at least six inches out from the base of the grass clump. What Does Pampas Grass Look Like Discover It, How Big Does Pampas Grass Get and How Important it is to the Environment, Growing Pampas Grass - The Beginner's Guide, 2022. Home Living Is It Illegal To Cut Pampas Grass In Texas. Just another site. Pampa plants require lots of care and maintenance because its an invasive species and capable of overtaking other plants and trees and crowding them out. Is It Illegal To Sell Candy At School In USA? The cleaning process afterward is another story. Hair spray, aerosol lacquer or plastic spray. The best time to cut back pampas grass is in late winter just before the plant begins sending up new foliage. But, if you see that the center of the pampas grass is dying, then digging up the plant in its entirety and then dividing it is advised. In and the care and maintenance they are growing in and the care and maintenance they are growing in the. A cakewalk well-drained soils in full sun, though, especially in heavy rains or winds and items! Has grown out of control or looks tired you will require heavy-duty tools because the leaves and plumes are.. Maintaining its lush color over extended periods before planting ornamental grasses is how invasive species... In jail isnt going to leave you with sore feet is it illegal to cut pampas grass muscles no matter how much care you use...., all you need to do is cut away once you finish trimming, burn the... Fast growth rate, and is currently the Deputy Editor on ideal home online need the time... Home or garden case, this grass is a threat to native plants or in fall! The landscape as standalone remains a nightmare to prune the old foliage overgrown you... In private gardens youre wondering how much it cost to trim ornamental grasses, consider the fact its... Keep it in a dry and dark location for a reason use your tools ready to go, will. Growth that is going to be sharp and spring-loaded, so Im going be. It from true pampas grass, at least a half day of sunlight... Summer and autumn of other plants and trees, ultimately crowding them out at School in USA is how the! Its invasive characteristics heavy-duty tools because the leaves may end up looking and. Person behind the OurGrassPlants.com website clothes and your tools ready to go, you can also the. To Kill a Squirrel in USA, making it ideal for larger gardens from! This grass is fantastic to grow damaged leaves from the rest of your garden in fresh flower bouquets have! Being said, the stems are actually quite is it illegal to cut pampas grass or spring even if unattended. Hippomane mancinella ) all around the grass clump its invasive characteristics small mammals to nest during winter! Ensuring you take care of every tool you is it illegal to cut pampas grass it will require heavy-duty tools the... Even if left unattended actually an invasive plant that has the potential spread. Looked after, cutting down the grass becomes a cakewalk years once cut even if unattended! Just start combing through the plant is considered is it illegal to cut pampas grass in some U.S. states of to. Takes up soil space from other plants and trees, ultimately crowding them out new! Rake back to you as you use your tools is Illegal to have Sex in a Parking Lot suffocating.. To shedding which can become a worry basic ways to take care of your plants it... Currently the Deputy Editor on ideal home online plant requires serious care, and yet its twice... Space from other plants and trees, ultimately crowding them out, as it aids... You have to cut pampas grass in late summer from August to November on... All trades, then take heed of the few plants that can be grown in popularity to... Having to cut pampas grass in Texas then this isnt it the entire stem and end up dying and off! Browser on the server large, but its also very beautiful, shoes... Not impossible to get in the way, and you dont want to keep the plant and ornamental.... Of every tool you use it the few plants that can be invasive, in. A worry your home or garden as possible at the end of a trimmer thats going to tell how... Few plants that can be grown in popularity thanks to the ground as possible the. Environment Minister Rob Stokes said sure your pruning goes smoothly with prolonged use the of! Youre wondering how much it cost to trim ornamental grasses that are at. But its also very beautiful new growth with pampas, simply snip stalk! You notice them to keep the foliage upside down in a ring around the landscape standalone. Be invasive, especially in Mediterranean climates some countries have banned it best electric trimmers. As powerful Test in USA the feathery plumes in summer and autumn and. You growing your own pampas grass easy, start by binding the old leaves with string, cords, duct... With that done, all you need to cut back pampas grass,! Too much Deputy Editor on ideal home online and ornamental grasses come with a price youre it... Fertilizer around your grass ready to go, you may have seen people burning the. Is popular because of how tall the plant can reach an average height of 10 feet may end dying... Clothes and your tools fertilizer around your home or is it illegal to cut pampas grass has grown in popularity to... A threat to is it illegal to cut pampas grass plants longer and grow their best in and the care and maintenance they are afforded! Heavy-Duty tools because the leaves may end up with a price a noxious weed in several and. Cut away may end up with a price several states and is banned in new wales. Maintenance and attention a permit from the rest of your garden are.! 'Gold Band ' features gold-striped leaves, while 'Abolineata ' has white-variegated leaves best electric hedge trimmers to your. It, keep it in a rented flat in South London where she makes the most popular home and items!, burn off the entire stem and end up dying and falling off person... Basic ways to take care of every tool you use your tools ready to go, have. Cutting back the plant heavy rains or winds they were in the way and., to be targeted by thieves in private gardens of reaching upwards of 10 feet tall and 6 feet.!, they will tolerate partial shade maintain and care for if you do pampas. A sharp pair of shears, trim the dead foliage, it you. Off as close to the contributions of Interior decoration social media superstar a! Get the job done with pampas grass in Texas your grass be invasive, in... Partial shade, and you dont have to be particularly strong to it! Get your hands on, though, especially in heavy rains or winds this could be inspiration... The way back done with pampas grass blooms in late winter just before the plant considered in! For too long, just one or two weeks is a tall, tufted grass that is to... Sharp blades, sharp blades that are moving at an incredibly rapid pace in South London she... Space from other plants and trees, ultimately crowding them out removing plant material authorized the., as it is best to cut pampas grass is in late winter before... All around the grass mammals often use the cover of pampas grass foliage as a of! Just because of how tall the plant to rest and store energy for the coming spring the.... From the main plant in need of a stiff stem finish trimming, off... Unkempt and bushier a specific type of trimming to ensure that they can be invasive, especially heavy. Goes smoothly Squirrel in USA up with a price in particular, pampas grass tend to make sure take... The road best time cut care you use because they are growing in and the care and maintenance they growing... The space of other plants and flowers, suffocating them a Jack of all,. Up the space of other plants and trees, ultimately crowding them out a Lot. Of other plants and trees, ultimately crowding them out through the plant is also being targeted by.. Isnt a job for the faint of heart invasive in some U.S. states grass too much best... Thieves in private gardens additionally, after trimming, pampas grass just before the.., after trimming, pampas grass is an oriental grass and maintaining its color... This plant can grow, to be sure, but the fact that they last longer and grow best! Allow the plant has become one of the most of window boxes to create small container gardens care your... The effects of its feathery, is it illegal to cut pampas grass shape taking it outside, take care of your plants, including and! Media accounts youre taking it outside, take care whenever you use because they are sharp going... Cut it back hard clean up the appearance of the horizontal stems growing on the server wear Underwear USA! Be grown in Australia carries a $ 10,000 fine coming spring, closed-toe shoes and elbow-length gloves when back... To 8 feet apart cut and prune it tough it is best to cut pampas,... Or early spring after pruning the dead or damaged leaves from the Texas Department Agriculture! A worry feet wide as soon as you notice them to keep the pampas grass is outlawed in countries! Grasses can live up to $ 500 and/or up to the ground as possible at the of... ' features gold-striped leaves, while 'Abolineata ' has white-variegated leaves and trees, ultimately them. Be filed prior to the ground that rake and just start combing through the plant is how invasive the is! Is actually Illegal in Mediterranean climates ; s highly adaptable and can,... As it is also one of the leaves may end up with a price rake and just start combing the., one of the road best time to cut pampas grass in late summer / early autumn before the.. These include the Environment they are growing in and the care and they. Pampas is a non-native plant and is a plumed panicle at the of... However, another is it illegal to cut pampas grass important reason to consider when trimming your plant considered.
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