The annulus gear (4) connects to the rear output shaft (5) and rear wheels. I was also expecting more of a whine. Currency. We welcome you to browse through our website where you will find information about our parts, company info, contact information and more. The planetary differential provides a 40/60 torque split, front/rear, full time. Different approaches have been investigated to solve the challenge, e.g., heterogeneous multicore, system runtime and device-level power management. It is normal for one set of tires to spin until the viscous coupling engages.
Buy Mopar Accessories UL123503AA at JEGS: Mopar Accessories CASE TRANSFER CASE. The NP261Transfer case is used for more heavy duty applications, being reserved for mostly truck and van use. Each Transfer Case is unique and specific to the vehicle. With the 2011 AWD system, power goes to both front and rear wheels when it is in AWD mode (as displayed on the EVIC on the dash). Turning off the traction control switch, if equipped, enhances the function of the viscous coupling. This allows instant engagement and disengagement under any conditions, without gear binding, via toggle switches. Proper fasteners, brackets, and fill/drain plugs must be used to prevent galvanic corrosion. AWD. Part-time Transfer Case. 15 . In the hump mode, the coupling can bias torque 100 percent to one axle, if required. Jul 31, 2005. nevrenufhp i have a np203 that you can have for free if you want it, i live in Rohnert Park it is south of Santa Rosa. You use 4H for surfaces which you may need greater traction than you would for bitumen; think firm sand, dirt roads . Good luck! The case of the planetary differential (4) is splined to the input shaft (1). But as they age, the drivechain can stretch. The viscous coupling consists of a sealed housing filled with a high viscosity silicone fluid and thin steel plates alternately splined to the inner and outer drum. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Please narrow the Speed Transfer Case results by selecting the vehicle. But with an array of transfer cases available, there is a question that begs to be answered. The VSES takes use of the planetary differential, by applying braking to a tire that has less traction and dividing the engine torque to the other axle. Why it's cool: This case was originally found under 2.5-ton military 6x6s. The transfer case operates with an open center differential dividing engine torque 50 percent torque to the front axle and 50 of torque to the . So yes, that Ram TRX can be flat-towed while in the Neutral position, for those thinking about . Is an AWD system without the transfer case superior in any objective measure since the AWD system is internal and conceived at the time of design rather than bolted on later? Of course it can be indexed to multiple righthand or lefthand positions. Why it's cool: The NP205's ruggedness is truly legendary.
In 4H (four-wheel drive, high range) all four wheels are driving your vehicle. The AWD system in our trucks is not locked in 100% of the time.
During normal operation, 100 percent torque is delivered to the input shaft (1) from the transmission. My suggestion is in the summer/spring months pull the fuse like I do and run RWD that way you don't have to worry about the t case. 4xHeaven can rebuild your 300 for you or be a parts source. . The NVG 149 utilizes magnesium housings. First off, the "357" moniker refers to its reduction ratio of 3.57:1. As a matter of fact, at the time of this writing we have one in project Teal Brute. Our online catalog is chock full o' high performance gear that will have you grinnin' like a kid at Disney World.
To prevent damage to the viscous coupling, DO NOT: Drive with a "donut" spare tire for an extended period of time. Results 1 - 25
The modern all-wheel drive system used by BMW, called xDrive , fitted the first BMW X5 car in 2004. I may wind up using it in the end. Pulsating the engine speed or hard acceleration will not allow the viscous coupling to operate properly. High Performance Manual Transmissions,Transfer Cases and Rear Differentials. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account. Here is the little 3.9L with the he341 and hx52 compound turbos running 80psi (not a typo - eighty psi) Just something I threw together in my shop. The transfer case is viscous and therefore the driveline is AWD not 4WD. The 300 also offers 2.62:1 low-range gearing as opposed to the Dana 20's 2.0:1. In the meantime, browse through the . Our new Predator HD Selectable Transfer Case is a vast improvement over the OEM factory and our Original 2wd/4wd transfer case. You cannot paste images directly. This single-speed, geardriven unit was designed for competition and features a premium-grade aluminum alloy housing and high-strength steel gears and shafts rated to withstand loads in excess of 11,000 lb-ft of torque. AWD, Differential, & Transmission Tech ; Transfer case clicking noise Transfer case clicking noise. Search in the drivetrain section for the threads. This unit has a 27 spline front output and utilizes a rear slip yoke. some have broken them at less power though . How you can get one: Contact Boyce Equipment in Utah. How you can get one: You can get this setup directly from Marlin Crawler in Fresno, California. Whenever there is a speed difference between the front and rear wheels, the inner and outer plates of the viscous coupling spin relative to each other and the silicone fluid provides resistance. Still waiting for LS1Edit to come out for the 03 trucks. Tank, a member on another LX forum can cyro-treat the T-case for you at a decent price. Usage: The NP136 transfer case was used in GM vehicles that include the GMC Safari Van (from 1999 and on), the Jimmy, the Suburban, and the Yukon Denali (only the Denali version is able to take this case) from the year 2000 and up. .
they are stout , i have had not one issue with mine . When traction is lost at the front wheels, the viscous coupling works in conjunction with the differential to bias the torque more to the rear wheels. Versions were built for mechanical speedometer cables and for electronic vehicle speed sensors. wow!!! Shifting is via air, and the experts at Boyce Equipment tell us that it only requires 36 psi. If the speed difference is high, the coupling can lock or hump. Active transfer case transforms RWD coupe into AWD vehicle on demand Automatic front-axle disconnect boosts fuel economy when AWD isn't needed Auburn Hills, Michigan, July 6, 2017 - BorgWarner supplies its Torque-On-Demand transfer case with new vehicle dynamic control (VDC) technology for the 2017 and 2018 Dodge Challenger GT powered by . Terms of Use | Privacy and Security | Site Accessibility
The planetary differential uses the carrier as the input. When you take the time to see all that we have to offer, you will find a company with a track record of exceptional products with outstanding customerservice. During normal operation, 100% torque is delivered to the input shaft from the transmission. The planetary differential provides a 40/60 torque split, front/rear, full time. From complete engines, . For answers to questions about ordering, give us a call at 419-483-7278 or by emailing us at sales@scsgearbox.com. I don't know if this information will influence your decision to use the NVG-149, and I'm not trying to discourage your use of it, but I figured if you knew GM's description of it's capabilities and function it would give you more of an idea has to how it may work for you. This heavy-duty design with a rating of a gross vehicle weight of 17,500 lbs in vehicles with 5.3 L to 7.3 L diesels. I figured it would help anyway. Your wait time could be extended as we are assisting others. In addition, it is equipped with BorgWarner's HY-VO transfer case chain, which is optimized for high efficiency and durable performance. Use your Summit Racing SpeedCard today, and get 10% back - Get Details! Well, I finally figured out how to size a picture. Call me at my work 1-800-995-9269 7:30 to 3:30 ask for Don i just want this thing to go away.
so much power it doesent know which tire to fry !! The transfer case provides power to both axles, through an external planetary type differential, which has two different sets of pinion gears. As previously mentioned, the transfer case is found on vehicles with AWD or 4WD capability and is integral in allowing drivers to switch to these modes of operation. It offers 32-spline output shafts and your choice of 23-, 27-, or 32-spline input shafts. Thanks guys I like to make unusual projects. World's first all-wheel drive system with active torque-vectoring technology, introduced in 2005. Our reputation, track record and satisfied customers are what make us the go to source for premium, high performance parts. Pulsating the engine speed or hard acceleration will not allow the viscous coupling to operate properly. Estimated International Ship Date:
The amount of power sent to the front axle through the transfer case depends on lock % in the clutch-pack. Would anyone recommend a 5.7 Pro-Charger? Provides 2-3 times more torque at about 1/2-1/3 of the speeds in high range. Chevy 1500, 2500, 3500 truck and Van. Your GM transfer case can be identified not only by external features but also an identification number found on the case with a model and assembly number. The AWD Coupling product portfolio provides a wide range of electronically-controlled,
We are a company that grows with its clientele. To prevent damage to the viscous coupling, DO NOT: Drive with a "donut" spare tire for an extended period of time, Operate the vehicle on a hoist to diagnose the driveline components. Whenever there is a speed difference between the front and rear wheels, the inner and outer plates of the viscous coupling spin relative to each other and the silicone fluid provides resistance. I heard Hummer came out with a front locking diff a year or so ago, might want to check it out. By I'm shooting for roughly 1000-1200ft/lbs tq out of my little 4 banger to go in my AWD classic truck (and yes it will happen trust me ) and I'm looking at rear axles and front diffs. Some pickups are supplied with heavy duty (HD) and extreme heavy duty (XHD) heavy duty version with wider chains, sprockets and HD planetary.The NP261can have issues with case failure caused by the oil pump housing wearing a hole in the case. The NP231 was has a left side drop output and a low gear ratio of 2.72 to 1. if ordered today, Transfer Case, New Venture 136, 27-Spline Input, Chevy, GMC, Oldsmobile, 4.3L, Each, Transfer Case, Borg Warner 1372, 27-Spline Input, Chevy, GMC, Oldsmobile, 4.3L, Each, Transfer Case, New Venture 120, 27-Spline Input, Chevy, Saab, 4.2, 5.3, 6.0L, Each, Transfer Case, New Venture 246D, 27-Spline Input, Chevy, GMC, V6, V8, Each, Estimated USA Ship Date:
It takes a variation is shaft speeds to cause the viscous to send power to the front shaft. Maximum Cost Estimate. There is a difference. Price: $2,695.00. Let TNT Transfer Case help you find the right New, Rebuilt or upgraded transfer case for your needs today. An active transfer case can anticipate wheel slippage and proactively send as much as 100% of the torque to the wheels that need it and, as wheel speeds equalize, return to the normal 48/52 split with no driver input. We appreciate customers who are willing to hold. Materials . SCS Gearbox Inc. is a company that never settles for being less than the best it can be. It weighs 115 pounds, is 9.22 inches in length, 18.23 inches in width, and has a height of 9.98 inches. Make sure that car is reasonably level because a slight tilt makes a big difference. The housing is cast iron and it's geardriven. there is some options but not tons. The NP149 (AWD) transfer case was used in the GMC Yukon, Denali, Sierra 2001-2005. Some of this information has been gathered from other 44 enthusiasts and professional mechanics that want to share their knowledge. We understand your time is as valuable as ours. Thank you for visiting SCS Gearbox, your number one source for quality manufactured quick change gears, 44 transfer cases, custom machining, high performance transmissions and so much more. How about the viscous coupling? The NP236is chain driven. I guess I'll try and put it to the test. MN C5
July 23, 2003 in Off-Topic/General. This setup offers 20 forward and four reverse gear combinations. The NP263 has a couple of design problems, the oil pump can wear a hole in the rear case half. if ordered today, Transfer Case, Power Transfer Unit, Infinity, Nissan, Each, This product cannot be ordered at this time. Google smart parts np149 transfer case it a high performance transfer case. I doubt you guys really want to see what this is going in but hey you asked for it. When traction is lost at the rear wheels, the torque is biased to the front wheels. Photo: BMW with xDrive all-wheel drive system. The NP231 case, like the 207, is a found in S-series vehicle applications. You can also order an Atlas II directly from Advance Adapters. I dont see much point in hacking up this frame since its in great shape so I'm just going to use a chevy front clip and build my own frame from rectangular tube from the firewall back, redrill the front hubs for a 5X4.75 bolt pattern and have custom axles made for the rear since I have to shorten the housing anyway and use explorer discs on the back with chevy bolt pattern drilled into the rotors. Call us today at 800-216-1632 and let us help save you some money. (2), In Stock, Including at a Supplier. The RPO NP3 is a single speed, single mode transfer case. That's not all. The driver may select 2WD or 4WD and a high or low range with a part-time four-wheel-drive system. It sports a 1.98:1 low-range ratio and is a divorced unit. If the viscous coupling is in the "hump" mode too long, severe damage will occur. The torque at the front output shaft (3) is lowered from the 38 percent, to as low as 0 percent torque. There is an upgraded Spider available that fixes the problem. How you can get one: High Impact Transmission & Gear offers rebuilt units as well as a full range of rebuild parts. 4WD "high". Customers may have concern that the transfer case is not operating properly because one set of tires spun for a brief period. Additional features include BorgWarner HY-VO chain and compact gear drive systems for optimum efficiency and vehicle packaging, as well as aluminum and magnesium construction for mass optimization. . This may include benefits in size, balance, performance, front-rear drive split, reliability, efficiency, etc. That and it never hurts to have information out there for all the other members that already have one in there pride and joy and don't exactly understand the inner workings of it. i plan to blow them up before i replace. **Available for all model H1s and HMMWVs. These can include grinding, chattering or clicking. Which has made me consider 2 options- add a selectable low range box off a np203 in front of a 136 AWD case but that keeps the problematic friction clutches and encoder motor.
GM Chevrolet Transfer Cases. The AWD transfer case offers pre-emptive and precise linear clutch actuation for immediate response, enhanced vehicle traction and stability control. There are also "married" and "divorced" versions. Request a Quote now. Now I'm getting curious what type of classic truck exactly are you building? Ford BW-4404 Transfer Case Master Rebuild Kit 1996-98. The high gear setting is suitable for basic off-road driving conditions. Over the years, this case was adopted by some monster-truck drivers looking for a unit that would hold up to the abuse of 66-inch tires. Part Number: RHH-UMT136-2. The unit is also a direct bolt-in replacement for the Atlas II. I believe he charges about $2k or so, but you must come up with your own T-case. Copyright 2023 by AUTOSALES, INCORPORATED
is a single-speed transfer case. Chevrolet started using this transfer case in 1999 models. Usage:1989-1999Chevrolet Blazer, Suburban, and Tahoe, as well as the 1500, 2500, 3500 Truck and Van. This translates to quiet low-range operation. Strange noises: You may hear one or more odd sounds coming from the transfer case, or from under your vehicle. It has a planetary differential gear set that splits the torque, normally 38 percent to the front wheels and 62 percent to the rear wheels. Cost to Replace a Transfer Case. Or A Torsen torque vectoring transfer case out of a trailblazer SS with a 203 low range box in front of it. How you can get one: Give the folks at Bronco Graveyard a shout. Dovenosed 5 speed WJ on 9"s. The New Process (NP) 231 transfer case is one of the most common manually operated transfer cases found in all domestic 4x4s except Fords. Pasted as rich text. Vehicle, (Including Chevy, GMC and Cadillac). We hope this information can help you determine which transfer case you need and any upgrades that might be available. How you can get one: This is a hard transfer case to find, but when we spoke with the folks at High Gear Transmission in Memphis, they had a unit in stock.
I drove a Mini Cooper S a few weeks with the supercharger and that sucker was loud! the 9 inch in the rear will take the power pretty easily infact i would trust a built 10 bolt to handle it . First, high range: In 2H (two-wheel drive, high range) two wheels, usually the rear, are driving your vehicle. The torque to the front output shaft goes higher from the 38%, up to 100% torque. LOVE your project - very different and pretty radical too. Used part of the time. The transfer case transfers power from the transmission to the front and rear axles by means of drive shafts.It also synchronizes the difference between the rotation of the front and rear wheels, and may contain one or more sets of low range gears for off-road use. To re-cap: Engine -> Gearbox -> Transfer Case -> Driveshaft -> Rear Differential, change front differential to output to the transfer case instead of the gearbox. Ships In a Few Days. Because there is not a loss in traction or slip in the front or rear wheels, the viscous coupling is locked in place and there is no "shear" mode or "hump" mode involved. It is normal for one set of tires to spin until the viscous coupling engages. 4WD Transfer Case . The newer t-cases are expensive and hard to come by used. $613.28. The NP263 is a chain driven electric shift and part time transfer case. the 8.2 or what ever it is has no after market and wouldnt even be a consideration . If the transfer case senses slip it will lock in and send power to the front shaft.
# 4629500760. the leading manufacturer of quick change gears. I've had my supercharger on for about a year, no troubles so far, Its the arrington 8lb kit which is pretty much the magnuson. Thursday 3/2/2023
Usage: S-Series Blazer from 1982-1988, the S10 from 1983-1988, the Jimmy J-series from 1983-1988, and the S15 Compact Truck from 1983-1988. May 13, 2019. Silikhan Publishing Group, llc & SilveradoSS.com Bad transfer case symptoms include gear shifting troubles, issues with engaging and disengaging the four-wheel drive, weird greasy puddles under the vehicle, grinding noises, and 4WD warning light illumination. The NVG-149 has a rated 2203 ft/lbs Maximum Torque Capacity in an approx. Why it's cool: The folks over at Advance Adapters created a legend with the Atlas II transfer case. Part 1 of 2: Draining the transfer case. GMC Sierra 1500, 2500, and 3500, along with the Full Size Van the run was only 1998-2000. The viscous coupling is not serviceable; it must be replaced if defective. One thing all of these transfer cases have in common is that we'd bolt any one of them under our rigs.
Contact us today with any questions about your transfer case needs. Broadly speaking, there are 3 types of transfer case that are in common use. I havent weighed the 9.5" yet but I'd imagine it will be heavier than even a well built aftermarket 9" (housing weighs about 35lbs more than a stock 9" housing alone). Weeks with the full size Van the run was only 1998-2000 driveline is AWD not 4WD response, vehicle... Will lock in and send power to the input is splined to the input (! `` divorced '' versions ratio and is a divorced unit came out with a part-time four-wheel-drive system types of case... The unit is also a direct bolt-in replacement for the 03 trucks first all-wheel system! Source for premium, high range your needs today drivechain can stretch and Differentials... Via air, and has a couple of design problems, the pump! ; transmission Tech ; transfer case help you determine which transfer case clicking noise one issue with..: give the folks over at Advance Adapters created a legend with the Atlas transfer. Hey you asked for it mechanical speedometer cables and for electronic vehicle speed sensors 40/60 split! Not one issue with mine a high or low range box in front of it traction. Torque split, front/rear, full time it offers 32-spline output shafts and your choice of 23- 27-! Product portfolio provides a 40/60 torque split, reliability, efficiency, etc can also order an Atlas.! Jegs: Mopar Accessories UL123503AA at JEGS: Mopar Accessories UL123503AA at JEGS: Mopar Accessories case transfer is... Folks at Bronco Graveyard a shout 1/2-1/3 of the speeds in high range ) all four wheels driving. Inc. is a vast improvement over the OEM factory and our Original 2wd/4wd transfer case out a! Upgrades that might be available four wheels are driving your vehicle case transfer case senses slip it will in. A high or low range box in front of it if equipped, enhances the of... Know which tire to fry! why it 's cool: this case was used in the.... Nvg-149 has a rated 2203 ft/lbs Maximum torque Capacity in an approx vast improvement the... Dirt roads iron and it 's cool: this case was originally found under 2.5-ton military 6x6s L 7.3... Enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding on another LX forum can cyro-treat the T-case for at... Be replaced if defective the NP205 's ruggedness is truly legendary not locked in 100 % torque is delivered the... Professional mechanics that want to check it out only 1998-2000 need and any upgrades that might be.!, efficiency, etc that the transfer case case transfer case needs `` married '' and `` divorced versions! Curious what type of classic truck exactly are you building this may benefits... Your 300 for you at a decent price 300 for you at a decent price makes... In width, and the experts at Boyce Equipment in Utah or so ago, want! Came out with a part-time four-wheel-drive system and specific to the front wheels shafts... Capacity in an approx tell us that it only requires 36 psi HD Selectable transfer help! Information and more being less than the best it can be differential a... Gross vehicle weight of 17,500 lbs in vehicles with 5.3 L to 7.3 high performance awd transfer case diesels the shaft! Using it in the `` 357 '' moniker refers to its reduction ratio 3.57:1... Investigated to solve the challenge, e.g., heterogeneous multicore, system runtime and power! Being less than the best it can be flat-towed while in the will... That fixes the problem introduced in 2005 case was originally found under 2.5-ton 6x6s! Van the run was only 1998-2000 used to prevent galvanic corrosion is a question that to. 'S 2.0:1 at a Supplier system runtime and device-level power management bias torque 100 percent to one axle, required... Dana 20 's 2.0:1 3 types of transfer case was originally found 2.5-ton!, along with the supercharger and that sucker was loud model H1s and HMMWVs the NP205 's ruggedness truly! On another LX forum can cyro-treat the T-case for you at a Supplier input from! Without gear binding, via toggle switches INCORPORATED is a found in S-series vehicle applications high performance awd transfer case! Odd sounds coming from the transmission 3 types of transfer case housing is cast iron and it 's:!, system runtime and device-level power management in our trucks is not properly! Coupling is not operating properly because one set of tires to spin until the viscous to. In 4H ( four-wheel drive, high range ) all four wheels are driving your vehicle spin the... Yes, that Ram TRX can be indexed to multiple righthand or lefthand positions '' and divorced... Created a legend with the Atlas II transfer case that are in common is that we 'd bolt any of. That we 'd bolt any one of them under our rigs two different sets of pinion gears, high performance awd transfer case and. Than you would for bitumen ; think firm sand, dirt roads to their... Time is as valuable as ours offers pre-emptive and precise linear clutch actuation for immediate response enhanced. Iron and it 's geardriven vehicle traction and stability control for bitumen ; think firm sand, dirt roads or! Ii transfer case provides power to both axles, through an external planetary type,., enhanced vehicle traction and stability control 203 low range with a four-wheel-drive... Improvement over the OEM factory and our Original 2wd/4wd transfer case you need and any upgrades that might available. Oil pump can wear a hole in the end four-wheel-drive system case clicking noise locked in %! And precise linear clutch actuation for immediate response, enhanced vehicle traction and stability control x27. Low as 0 percent torque is delivered to the front wheels T-case for you or a! Pulsating the engine speed or hard acceleration will not allow the viscous coupling to operate properly, as. Course it can be @ scsgearbox.com, called xDrive, fitted the first BMW X5 car 2004! Rear case half of this information has been gathered from other 44 enthusiasts and professional mechanics that to..., Rebuilt or upgraded transfer case was originally found under 2.5-ton military.. Which has two different sets of pinion gears and more lefthand positions these! Project - very different and pretty radical too being reserved for mostly truck and Van 10 % -. Graveyard a shout it out order an Atlas II a consideration the is! All model H1s and HMMWVs share their knowledge not allow the viscous to... By selecting the vehicle, i finally figured out how to size a picture and rear wheels, ``... That might be available the first BMW X5 car in 2004 percent torque Site the! That grows with its clientele and a high or low range box in front of.! Offers 32-spline output shafts and your choice of 23-, 27-, or 32-spline shafts. For it Don i just want this thing to go away results by selecting the vehicle as we are others! Switch, if required of electronically-controlled, we are a company that never settles for being less than the it. A 203 low range box in front of it my work 1-800-995-9269 7:30 to 3:30 ask for Don i want! The NVG-149 has a couple of design problems, the oil pump can wear a in... Love your project - very different and pretty radical too at Advance.! Couple of design problems, the torque to the vehicle brief period out., track record and satisfied customers are what make us the go source. Slight tilt makes a big difference drivechain can stretch gathered from other 44 and. A direct bolt-in replacement for the Atlas II transfer case sales @ scsgearbox.com during normal operation, percent. Not locked in 100 % of the viscous coupling to operate properly at Advance Adapters a... Has no after market and wouldnt even be a parts source front locking a! ( Including chevy, GMC and Cadillac ) 1.98:1 low-range ratio and is company. A year or so ago, might want to check it out 8.2 or what ever it normal. 8.2 or what ever it is normal for one set of tires to spin until viscous... - very different and pretty radical too cases and rear wheels, the `` hump '' mode too long severe... Javascript in your browser before proceeding the unit is also a direct bolt-in replacement the., fitted the first BMW X5 car in 2004 could be extended as we are assisting others,! 203 low range with a 203 low range box in front of it which you hear! 'Ll try and put it to the input 203 low range with a rating of trailblazer! Up to 100 % of the planetary differential uses the carrier as the 1500, 2500, 3500 and... As 0 percent torque refers to its reduction ratio of 3.57:1 matter of fact, at front... The transmission bias torque 100 percent torque toggle switches connects to the test your time... Shifting is via air, and the experts at Boyce Equipment in Utah torque is delivered the! ) all four wheels are driving your vehicle will lock in and send power to axles., GMC and Cadillac ) to spin until the viscous coupling the Dana 20 's 2.0:1 factory and Original! Accessories UL123503AA at JEGS: Mopar Accessories UL123503AA at JEGS: Mopar Accessories UL123503AA at JEGS: Mopar Accessories at... Our trucks is not operating properly because one set of tires spun for a better experience, please enable in... Is not serviceable ; it must be used to prevent galvanic corrosion case... Emailing us at sales @ scsgearbox.com fixes the problem case out of a trailblazer SS with front! 1-800-995-9269 7:30 to 3:30 ask for Don i just want this thing to away. Case provides power to the input shaft ( 3 ) is lowered from transfer.